Global net-zero goal What is the ultimate goal of the 2050 carbon budget? 

The Global Net Zero Target by 2050, usually set in accordance with the Paris Agreement, aims to limit global temperature rise to no more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This target is based on climate science models, especially from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) analysis. Specifically, the carbon budget for the 2050 global net-zero target refers to the total amount of accumulated carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be emitted globally over a specific period, which must be consistent with the 1.5°C temperature increase limit. The calculation of carbon budgets is mainly derived from climate models in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) and takes into account global emissions scenarios for the next few decades. Key criteria include: 

1.Global carbon budget: According to IPCC calculations, if global warming is to be limited to 1.5°C with a 66% probability, the available carbon budget from 2020 onwards is about 400 to 500 billion tons of CO2. This means that the world needs to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, that is, there is a balance between emissions and carbon removal. 

2.Net Zero by 2050: By 2050, countries around the world need to achieve net-zero emissions, which requires all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to be drastically reduced to near zero and carbon removal technologies (such as afforestation, carbon capture and storage, etc.) to offset residual emissions. 

3.Phased emission reduction: According to the net-zero pathway plans of countries, the 2050 net-zero target usually requires countries to achieve 40%-50% greenhouse gas emission reductions around 2030 to create conditions for achieving net-zero by 2050. 

The ultimate goal of the global carbon budget for 2050 is to limit global temperature rise to no more than 1.5°C, which requires the world to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. 

400 to 500 billion tons of CO2 and CO2 ppm 

There is a direct correlation between the carbon budget of 400 to 500 billion tons of CO2 and the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (expressed in ppm), because parts per million (ppm) is used to describe the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, while the carbon budget refers to the cumulative amount of CO2 allowed to be emitted globally. The relationship between the two is mainly reflected in the following aspects: 

1.Carbon budget affects the increase in CO2 ppm:

 Every ton of carbon dioxide emissions entering the atmosphere will increase the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Specifically, every 1 ppm increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is equivalent to an increase of approximately 7.8 billion tons of CO2. This means that if the cumulative global emissions of about 400 billion to 500 billion tons of CO2 are emitted, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will increase by about 51 to 64 ppm.

2. Correlation between CO2 ppm and global temperature:

 Climate science studies have shown that atmospheric CO2 concentrations are strongly correlated with global temperatures. According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to limit global warming to no more than 1.5°C, atmospheric CO2 concentrations should stabilize between about 350 and 450 ppm. The current atmospheric CO2 concentration has exceeded 420 ppm, which means that the carbon budget is very limited. 

3.Impact of depleting carbon budgets: Once the carbon budget of 400 to 500 megatons of CO2 is depleted, atmospheric CO2 concentrations may exceed 450 ppm, which will greatly increase the risk of global temperature rise of more than 1.5°C. If carbon budgets continue to be exceeded, global warming will become even more severe, leading to irreversible climate change consequences such as frequent extreme weather events and rising sea levels.

 A carbon budget of 400 to 500 megatons of CO2 is directly linked to an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and this increase will drive global temperatures up. If we want to keep global temperatures below 1.5°C, we must strictly limit emissions and keep atmospheric CO2 concentrations below 450 ppm. 

Sustainable maintenance (total emissions + total removals) after 2050 / depletion of carbon budget or effective carbon neutrality 

The depletion of carbon budgets and the sustainability of carbon neutrality have different considerations in terms of measurement, but the ultimate goal is to control the impact of global greenhouse gas emissions on the climate. The following is a unit explanation of these two concepts: 

1.Depletion of carbon budget: 

The carbon budget refers to the amount of accumulated carbon dioxide that humans can emit without exceeding a certain temperature rise (e.g., 1.5°C). This is usually expressed in tons of CO2e. Every ton of CO2 emitted further consumes the carbon budget, and when the carbon budget is depleted, further increases in emissions will lead to a further increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, thereby exacerbating global warming. 

2.Net Zero after 2050: 

Once Net Zero Emissions are achieved by 2050, the world needs to continue to maintain a carbon-neutral state, where total emissions equal to total removals, which should be measured in tonnage equivalents. This means that the amount of CO2 (tons) emitted by humans each year should be equal to the amount of CO2 removed by natural or technological means (such as carbon capture and storage, afforestation, etc.). Therefore, the main concern after 2050 will remain the balance of tonnage emissions and removals. 

3.PPM and long-term climate impact: 

CO2 ppm (parts per million) is a unit of measurement of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, which affects long-term changes in global temperature. While the core focus of carbon neutrality is the balance of tonnage equivalent, in the long term, the world needs to continuously monitor atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ppm). To stabilize the climate and prevent further global temperature rises, atmospheric CO2 concentrations need to stabilize between about 350 and 450 ppm. This means that even if net-zero emissions are achieved, additional removal measures may still be required to gradually reduce the ppm concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere if the concentration is too high

• The main unit of measurement for achieving and maintaining carbon neutrality is tons of CO2e, which is the balance between emissions and removal. 

• At the same time, we need to continue to pay attention to CO2 ppm, as this affects long-term climate change and global temperature control 

Corporate responsibility in the climate crisis: Why we can't ignore the greenhouse effect

1. Foreword: Is the greenhouse effect superstition or science? 

In the face of climate change, some people wonder: "Isn't extreme weather always there?" "Winter is getting colder, how can there be global warming?" But this narrative ignores the key fact: climate change does not mean getting hotter every day, but rather long-term changes in the overall energy balance of the global climate system. **One of the core drivers of this phenomenon is the "Greenhouse Effect", which has long been recognized by the scientific community. 

This is not a hypothesis, but a cross-century research result accumulated from the 19th century to the present, and repeatedly verified through observations, statistics, and simulation models. If companies misunderstand this fundamental physical phenomenon, they will misestimate future risks, underestimate carbon costs, and may lose their competitive advantage in international supply chains. 

2. Mechanism of the greenhouse effect: The causes of the greenhouse effect, a natural phenomenon based on radiation physics , are not complex. 

When the sun's shortwave radiation penetrates the atmosphere, irradiates the Earth's surface and converts into long-wave infrared radiation (infrared radiation) and releases it outward, some of the infrared wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases such as CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O, and radiated back to the surface, causing the atmosphere to heat up. 

The key point is that this is not speculation, but quantitative facts with empirical basis. 

• 🔬 Experimental evidence: The infrared absorption peak of CO₂ is at a wavelength of 15 microns, which is clearly measurable in both laboratory and satellite observations. 

• 📡 Satellite observations (NASA CERES, AIRS projects): It has been measured that the Earth's radiation intensity continues to decline in the CO₂ absorption band, which is consistent with the upward trend of CO₂ since the Industrial Revolution. 

• 📈 Line-by-Line Radiative Transfer Models (LBLRTM): Accurately simulate the effects of different concentrations of CO₂ on radiation balance and have been applied to global climate simulators (e.g., GISS, HadCM3, CESM). 

3. Data as proof: Statistical correlation between CO₂ and global warming 

Is there evidence that greenhouse gas concentrations are related to the increase in global temperature? The answer is yes, and the correlation is highly significant. 

📊 Correlation analysis: 

• According to data released by NASA GISS (2023), the global average annual surface temperature increased by about 1.2°C between 1958~2023, and the CO₂ concentration at the Mauna Loa observatory increased from 315 ppm to 422 ppm during the same period.

•  Several academic studies (such as Rahmstorf et al., 2017) have used Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression models to analyze and point out that 

• the correlation coefficient between global annual average temperature and CO₂ concentration r-value is as high as 0.94 

• After adding variables such as solar radiation changes, CO₂ concentrations still explain more than 70% of the variation (R² ≈ 0.72) 

This statistical intensity is much higher than the level of causality common in the social sciences, proving that the "greenhouse effect-driven warming" is not a coincidence or a natural cycle. 

4. Are extreme weather natural fluctuations? Or is it a sign of loss of control? 

Climate skeptics often cite historical extremes (such as the 1930s American dust storm) to question the anomalies of contemporary change. However, from the perspective of meteorological science, the key is not a single event, but the overall trend of "frequency and intensity" of extreme events.

 📈 The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6, 2021) pointed out that 

• since 1950, the frequency of extreme heat events has increased by more than 5 times, and it will occur every 10 years in the future. 

• Extreme rainstorm events increased by 20%~40% in the mid-latitudes, mainly related to the increase in atmospheric moisture vapor (Clausius–Clapeyron equation) and the increase in temperature.

•  Compound climate disasters such as increased intensity of tropical cyclones, increased wildfire damage, and prolonged drought cycles are occurring simultaneously in many places. 

👉 These changes coincide with the rising curve of global average temperatures and are reconstructible (hindcast) in climate models, indicating a strong causal relationship with the CO₂-driven greenhouse effect. 

5. Why can't companies ignore this physical phenomenon? 

📌 Because it will have a direct impact:

1. supply chain disruption risk (physical risk) 

Water resource competition, port flooding, energy disruptions, etc. have all been realized (such as the 2021 Texas winter blizzard caused chip chain breakage). 

2.Policies and Transition Risks Systems 

such as carbon taxes, carbon fees, emissions trading systems (ETS), and carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAM) have been promoted in the European Union, China, and South Korea, and will be extended to the upstream of the supply chain. 

3.Disclosure and Financial Market Pressures

• IFRS S2, CDP, SBTi, and ESG Scores Incorporated into "Climate Disclosure" and "Climate Targets " as indicators

• Investment institutions are gradually shifting to climate-aligned assets, and violators face the risk of capital withdrawal

4.Reputational Risks

consumers, talents, and NGOs are all demanding that companies proactively address climate issues and no longer accept the "cost of silence" business strategy. 

Companies are not weather stations, but they must use scientific methods to deal with climate risks. Here are five practical and feasible climate action directions:

•  First, launch a carbon inventory. 

From Scope 1, Scope 2, to Scope 3, and a comprehensive inventory of the supply chain, grasping your own carbon emission baseline is the starting point for all climate decisions.

•  Second, set scientific carbon reduction targets. 

Following the SBTi (Science Based Targets) framework, aligning with the 1.5°C pathway, setting verifiable short, medium, and long-term carbon reduction commitments. 

• Third, introduce internal carbon pricing. 

Not only do we look at financial costs, but we also convert every metric ton of carbon dioxide emissions into internal costs, incorporating carbon risks into investment decisions.

•  Fourth, establish a climate governance framework.

Let the board of directors be responsible for climate supervision, set up sustainable development mechanisms and climate risk identification processes, and institutionalize responsibilities. 

• Fifth, proactively disclose climate information.

 Disclose climate risks and strategies in accordance with international standards such as IFRS S2, TCFD, and CDP, enhancing corporate transparency and trust. 

7. Conclusion: Standing at the intersection of physics and risk 

science is not a vote of opinion, and the laws of physics will not stop operating just because we choose to ignore them. The future of a business depends not only on financial reporting, but also on its ability to understand and manage the physical risks from the Earth system. The greenhouse effect is a real phenomenon, and its statistical strength, physical basis, and policy extension are all clear. Choosing to recognize it is not only a manifestation of scientific literacy, but also the only way to govern capital. When you see extreme weather coming, you might as well ask rhetorically: Are you ready to let your business survive in a high-CO₂ world? 

COP28 Climate Conference 

1. Dubai on November 30, 2023 

The COP28 climate conference will be held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from November 30 to December 12, which will be the first comprehensive review of the progress made on the Paris climate agreement. Here's a preview of the conference's highlights based on a roundup from external media outlets like the BBC.

 2. What is COP28 COP 

refers to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC), that is, the United Nations Climate Change Conference, where governments gather to discuss how to curb climate warming and respond to climate change. Parties refer to those countries that participate in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adopted in 1992 and entered into force in 1994. There are currently 197 parties, and this year will usher in the 28th Conference of the Parties, COP28, in Dubai. 

3. The importance of climate goals 

According to the Paris Agreement reached in 2015, 197 countries agreed to reduce global temperatures, striving to ensure that the temperature rise does not exceed 2 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, or even strive to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. According to the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the 1.5 degree target is crucial to avoid climate change disasters. To understand the progress of countries, the Paris Climate Agreement requires countries to conduct an inventory every five years starting in 2023. Therefore, this COP28 conference will be the first comprehensive inventory of the Paris climate agreement. 

According to United Nations estimates, according to current net-zero carbon emission commitments put forward by countries, global temperature rise will reach 2.5 degrees Celsius by 2100, making the "window of opportunity" to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement's 1.5 degree goal shrinking rapidly. The United Nations released a technical report on the global stocktake for the first time on September 8 this year, emphasizing that by 2030, 2035 and 2050, countries need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43%, 60% and 84% respectively from 2019 levels to control temperature rise within 1.5 degrees. 

4. COP28 Priorities and Agenda 

The focus of COP28 will be on accelerating the transition to clean energy, phasing out fossil fuels, and providing climate action funds to poor countries from rich countries. According to the current agenda announced by Dubai, November 30 will be the opening of the conference, and December 1-2 will be the World Climate Action Summit, where leaders from all over the world will gather. On the 3rd, health, rescue and recovery issues will be discussed; on the 4th, finance, trade, and equality will be discussed; On the 5th, energy, industry and transition justice will be discussed; On the 6th, multi-level action, urbanization and environmental creation will be discussed; 7 days off the day; On the 8th, children, education, and technical vocational will be discussed; On the 9th, nature, land use and oceans will be discussed; On the 10th, agricultural food and water sources will be discussed; The 11th-12th is the final negotiation. 

5. Net-zero emission schedules of countries

 The United Nations and scientists around the world say that to achieve the 1.5-degree goal of the Paris climate agreement, countries should achieve net-zero emissions by the end of 2050. In simple terms, it means that the atmosphere will no longer add greenhouse gas emissions, achieving a balance between anthropogenic emissions and removal, which is the so-called carbon neutrality. 

6. Countries' commitment targets 

Currently, about 140 countries have committed to achieving net-zero emissions, accounting for 90% of global carbon emissions, but not all countries have set a target to achieve the target by 2050. China, one of the world's largest carbon dioxide emitters, has set a goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, and the local renewable energy industry is currently developing rapidly. The United States, the country with the largest cumulative carbon emissions in history, has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. In August 2022, the Biden administration announced that the Inflation Reduction Act includes important green investments to promote the development of renewable energy and other clean technologies. The EU has also set a goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Other major carbon dioxide emitters such as India and Russia have set timelines for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 and 2060 respectively, but these two countries have announced relatively few relevant supporting policies.  

Regarding Taiwan's 2050 net-zero emission path and national strategy 

1. The government took the lead in taking the oath 

Scientific research clearly pointed out that the impact of climate change is already very urgent, and the global concern about addressing climate change is increasing. Countries have put forward declarations and actions of "net-zero emissions by 2050", highlighting the global determination to face the climate crisis together. In response to this global net-zero trend, on Earth Day on April 22, 2021, the President announced that "2050 Net-Zero Transformation" has been set as a common goal for both the world and Taiwan.

 2. Promotion and Research Innovation 

In March 2022, Taiwan officially announced the "General Description of Taiwan's 2050 Net-Zero Emission Pathway and Strategy," which details our trajectory and action plan to achieve our net-zero goals. The core goal of the project is to promote the development of technology, research, and innovation in key areas, guide industries to achieve green transformation, and drive a new wave of economic growth. At the same time, we look forward to promoting green financing and increasing investment as we reach different milestones to ensure equity and connectivity during the transition period.

 3. Four major transformations and legalization 

Taiwan's 2050 net-zero emission path mainly includes four major transformation directions: "energy transformation", "industrial transformation", "life transformation" and "social transformation", while emphasizing the establishment of two major governance foundations: "scientific and technological research and development" and "climate legislation". In addition, Taiwan has formulated the "Twelve Key Strategies" to formulate specific action plans for policy areas such as energy, industry, and life transition to achieve the goal of net-zero transformation. 

4. Create net-zero investment and jobs 

By establishing a competitive, circular, sustainable, resilient and secure transformation strategy and governance foundation, we aim to promote economic growth, stimulate private investment, create green jobs, achieve energy independence, and enhance social well-being. The "2050 Net-Zero Transformation" is not only related to national competitiveness but also to the sustainable development of the environment. To ensure the success of this transformation, we must lay a solid foundation to build a better country for the younger generation. 

5. Green climate investment and financing policies 

In this process, green financing and increased investment are important means to achieve the net-zero goal. By establishing a green financing system that meets international standards and attracting more investment into green industries and innovation fields, we can achieve net-zero transformation more effectively. At the same time, by establishing corresponding policies and regulations to clarify the legal basis for net-zero transformation, we can ensure compliance in relevant aspects and further promote the participation of the entire society. 

6. Renewable energy and circular technology 

Promoting energy transition is the core of the net-zero transition, and we will increase investment in renewable energy and reduce dependence on fossil energy. At the same time, strengthen energy efficiency, promote innovation in energy technology, and improve energy utilization efficiency. In terms of industrial transformation, we will encourage enterprises to implement green production, optimize resource allocation, and promote a circular economy. Life transformation includes promoting low-carbon lifestyles, encouraging energy and resource conservation, and cultivating environmental awareness among the people. In terms of social transformation, we will strengthen education to raise public awareness of climate change and environmental issues, and promote the formation of common net-zero values in society. 

7. Net-zero support and rule of law construction 

Technology research and development play a key role in the entire net-zero transformation process. We will increase support for green technology and promote research and innovation in related fields to improve the level of related technologies. At the same time, by establishing a comprehensive climate legal system, we will ensure the compliance and sustainability of the net-zero transition. The establishment of climate legislation is not only part of the rule of law but also the foundation for promoting the net-zero transition, providing legal protection for the entire process. 

8. Taiwan's Twelve Key Strategic Layouts 

In the process of implementing the "Twelve Key Strategies," we will formulate specific action plans for important areas such as energy, industry, and life transformation. First, for the energy transition, we will focus on increasing investment in renewable energy, including the development of clean energy sources such as solar and wind energy. At the same time, improve energy efficiency, reduce energy consumption through technological innovation, and achieve more efficient energy utilization. 

9. Green Production Economy and Policy Incentives 

In terms of industrial transformation, we will encourage enterprises to implement green production methods, emphasizing the effective use of resources and the practice of circular economy. Through policy support and economic incentives, we guide enterprises to transform in the direction of environmental protection and sustainable development, and promote the green transformation of the entire industrial chain. 

10. Net zero and green living 

The transition to a green life requires the participation of the whole society, and we will promote a low-carbon lifestyle and encourage energy and resource conservation. This includes promoting public transportation, encouraging green buildings, and promoting the formation of green consumption habits. Through public participation, we can work together for the net-zero transition and achieve sustainable lifestyle transformations.

 11. Cultivating Climate Awareness and Environmental Values 

Social transformation focuses on enhancing the overall society's climate awareness and environmental values. This includes strengthening environmental education, promoting the popularization of climate change-related knowledge, and cultivating environmental awareness among the younger generation. At the same time, through the construction of the legal system, we will ensure the compliance participation of all sectors of society in the net-zero transition, forming joint efforts and consensus.

 12. Increase Net-Zero Research Funding and Budget 

As a driving force for net-zero transformation, we will strengthen our support for green technology. This includes increasing research funding in related fields, promoting the application of innovative technologies, and building an ecosystem for technological innovation. Through these efforts, we can achieve the technological breakthroughs needed for the net-zero transition more quickly, driving society as a whole towards a more sustainable future. 

13. Carbon emission regulatory mechanisms and constraints 

The establishment of climate legislation is an important part of ensuring the sustainability of the net-zero transition. We will establish a comprehensive regulatory system, including the rule of law foundation and compliance enforcement to ensure the net-zero transition. This involves determining emission standards, establishing monitoring and reporting mechanisms, and implementing corresponding penalties and restraint measures for non-compliance. Through the protection of the rule of law, we can ensure the smooth progress of the net-zero transition and lay the foundation for future sustainable development. 

Overall, Taiwan's 2050 net-zero emission pathway and strategy summary signify our country's determination and efforts in addressing climate change and achieving sustainable development. Through comprehensive transformation of energy, industry, life, and society, as well as support for technological research and development and climate legislation, we will usher in a greener, more sustainable, and more prosperous future. This is not only a responsibility to the current generation, but also a commitment to future generations. Let us work together to create a better Taiwan. 

Greenhouse gases (GHG) are gases that can absorb and re-emit infrared radiation emitted outward from the Earth's surface in the atmosphere, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), fluorochlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nitrous oxide (N2O), etc. 

The impact of these greenhouse gases on the planet is multifaceted. First, they cause the temperature of the Earth's surface to rise, which in turn triggers global climate change, including more frequent extreme weather events, rainfall and temperature changes. Secondly, they can also have an impact on the atmosphere and marine ecosystems, such as sea level rise and ocean acidification. These impacts on humans include impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water resources, and public health.

 Therefore, reducing greenhouse gas emissions has become an important global issue, including measures such as promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency and reducing the use of fossil fuels. 

Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas 

Carbon dioxide is the most important component of greenhouse gases, and its emissions mainly come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation and land use. Methane emissions mainly come from agriculture, ranching, waste management and energy production, HCFC mainly comes from the use of refrigeration equipment such as air conditioners and refrigerators, and nitrous oxide emissions mainly come from agriculture, fertilizer use and chemical production. The impact of greenhouse gases on the planet and humanity is wide-ranging, including causing climate change and global warming, rising sea levels, water scarcity, biodiversity loss, and more. The impacts of climate change and global warming include more frequent extreme weather, droughts, and floods, posing threats to agriculture and food security, water resources, and public health. Rising sea levels can also lead to an increased risk of flooding and tsunamis in coastal cities. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions can also have a serious impact on the atmosphere and marine ecosystems, thereby affecting human life and economic development. Therefore, countries around the world are actively promoting greenhouse gas emission reduction actions to slow down the rate of climate change and global warming, and protect the future of the planet and mankind. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions has become an important global issue, including measures such as promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency, and reducing the use of fossil fuels. The principle of action of greenhouse gases is based on the physical principle of energy balance. The Earth receives radiant energy from the Sun, some of which is reflected, scattered, and absorbed by the atmosphere, and the rest of the energy penetrates the atmosphere to illuminate the ground. Some of the radiant energy reflected by the surface enters the atmosphere and is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which then radiate to the surrounding area, and part of it returns to the surface, raising the temperature of the surface. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect and is one of the main causes of the increase in the temperature of the Earth's surface. 

In addition to the main greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide, there are also other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, such as water vapor, carbon monoxide, oxygen and ozone. Among them, water vapor is one of the most important greenhouse gases, but its concentration and distribution are greatly affected by the temperature and climate state of the earth's surface, and its existence time in the atmosphere is very short compared to other gases. Human activities have a huge impact on greenhouse gas emissions. In recent centuries, humans have used fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to supply energy and production, and these activities have led to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. In addition, human agriculture and animal husbandry also produce greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide, which have a higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. 

Global warming caused by greenhouse gases has far-reaching implications for the planet and human society. For example, rising temperatures have led to rising sea levels due to melting ice sheets and glaciers, leading to coastal flooding and erosion. Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods have become more frequent and severe. Changes in precipitation patterns can also affect agriculture, leading to food insecurity and economic losses. To mitigate the impact of greenhouse gases, efforts are being made globally to reduce emissions and implement alternative solutions. Countries are implementing various measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as improving energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy sources, and developing low-carbon transportation systems. Carbon capture and storage technologies are also being developed to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it underground. 

The effects of global warming caused by the effects of greenhouse gases are wide-ranging, some of the main impacts include: 

1.Extreme climate events: Global warming causes temperatures to rise, which makes extreme weather events such as heavy rains, hurricanes, floods, droughts, etc. more frequent and severe. 

2.Sea level rise: Global warming has melted glaciers and polar ice, leading to sea level rise, which affects ecosystems and human societies in coastal areas. 

3.Ecosystem changes: Global warming will have impacts on ecosystems, such as biodiversity decline and forest and coral reef death. 

4.Food security: Global warming can have an impact on agriculture and fisheries, affecting food supply and security. 

Forest conservation and reforestation are also crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as forests act as carbon sinks and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. International cooperation is also crucial in combating climate change, such as through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement.

 Overall, the impact of greenhouse gases on the planet and human society is significant, and global cooperation is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and implement solutions to mitigate their impact.

 In order to mitigate the greenhouse gas effect, various remedial measures are being implemented globally, some of the main measures include: 

1.Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: Countries are actively taking measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction, promoting renewable energy, and developing low-carbon transportation.

2. Carbon capture and storage: Several countries are developing carbon capture and storage technologies to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it underground. 

3.Forest Protection and Reforestation: Forests can absorb carbon dioxide, so protecting and replanting existing forests can help reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. 

4.International cooperation: Countries address climate change through international cooperation, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement.

 In conclusion, the effects of greenhouse gases have serious impacts on the planet and people, so global collaboration is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop other remedial measures to address the extreme climate change of climate change. 

Net zero carbon emissions refer to the balance between the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere and the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere 

In recent years, there has been a growing focus on achieving net-zero carbon emissions to mitigate climate change. A number of international principles and standards have been developed to guide countries and organizations in their efforts to achieve net-zero carbon emissions. One such key principle is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which mandates that the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere should be stabilized at a level to prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system. Another important international standard is the Paris Agreement, which was adopted in 2015 and ratified by 197 countries. The Paris Agreement sets a goal of limiting global warming to well below pre-industrial levels of 2 degrees Celsius and adopting mitigation measures to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. To achieve this, countries need to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy. In addition to these principles and standards, methodological standards have been developed to guide the measurement and reporting of emissions reductions. 

One of the most widely recognized standards is the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, which provides a standardized framework for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from various sources, including energy use, transportation, and waste management. Other important methodological criteria include the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines, which provide guidance on how to measure and report emissions across sectors, and science-based targets initiatives, which help reset greenhouse gas emissions targets in line with the latest climate science. In conclusion, achieving net-zero carbon emissions requires a comprehensive and coordinated effort from countries, organizations, and individuals around the world. The international principles and standards mentioned above provide a framework for guiding these efforts and ensuring that progress is made in a transparent and consistent manner. There are a number of international principles and international methodological standards for achieving net-zero carbon emissions. 

One of the most critical principles is the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, which recognizes that developed countries have greater historical responsibility for emissions that contribute to climate change, while developing countries need assistance in reducing emissions. Another important principle is the principle of equity, which calls for a fair distribution of the costs and benefits of climate change mitigation. This principle requires developed countries to provide financial and technical support to developing countries to help them reduce emissions and adapt to the impact of climate change. To achieve net-zero carbon emissions, countries need to adopt a comprehensive approach that includes mitigation, adaptation, and sustainability. This approach should be based on the best available scientific evidence and should align with the principles of transparency, accountability, and ambition. International methodological standards for achieving net-zero carbon emissions include the use of carbon inventories, which set limits on the amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted to limit global warming to specific levels. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has developed a methodology for calculating carbon inventories, which is widely accepted by the scientific community.

In conclusion, achieving net-zero carbon emissions requires a comprehensive approach based on international principles and international methodological standards. These principles and standards should align with the best available scientific evidence and should reflect principles of transparency, accountability, and ambition. 

The global emission reduction target is to mitigate the impact of climate change, and achieving net-zero carbon emissions is an important goal. 

The following are the international principles and methodological standards for net-zero carbon emissions: 

1. Paris Agreement:

 The Paris Agreement is an important agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, aiming to limit global warming through coordinated global action. 

2. Science Based Target initiative (SBTi):

 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the foundation for achieving net-zero carbon emissions. International scientists and experts have developed many tools and methods to measure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 

3. Sustainable development (SD): 

Net-zero carbon emissions require a sustainable approach to ensure economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Therefore, sustainability is an important principle for achieving net-zero carbon emissions. 

4. Social Justice: 

Net-zero carbon emissions require a socially just approach, ensuring that all people can share in the benefits of emission reductions without adversely affecting some.

 5. International cooperation: 

Net-zero carbon emissions require global cooperation, and countries need to work together to share technology, resources and experience to jointly achieve the goal of net-zero carbon emissions. 

To achieve net-zero carbon emissions, many methodological standards have been adopted internationally, including measuring greenhouse gas emissions, formulating greenhouse gas emission reduction plans, monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and emission reduction effects, etc. These methodological standards need to be continuously updated and improved to ensure the goal of net-zero carbon emissions.   

Facing the 2050 Net Zero Emission Path and Strategy!! What are the specific steps of the government?